Mid Term

Mid Term Essay Exam Section I Literature finished 1700 In both the poem Contemplations by Anne Bradstreet and William Bradfords Of Plymouth Plantation, nature is a of import subject. Both poems are interested in natures role in peoples (especially Christians) lives, whether it be disallow or positive. The question that comes to mind is nature a chaotic savageerness, the physical evidence of Satans meddling, or is it the marvelous examples of the works of paragon? Bradford believed very firmly that is the former. The traditional Puritan view of nature (which the Separatists shared as well) was very negative.Bradford did not view nature through a romantic lens, but quite a he saw it as evidence of Satan at work in the world. He believed that as Satan would sow errours, heresies and wonderful dissensions amongst the professors themselves, he was in incident the creator of confusion and disorder in the natural world. Bradford saw America as a forbidden waste background, a direct reflection of the spiritual chaos. In the poem Of Plymouth Planation, he wrote that the Pilgrims, after reaching the raw(a) World, found a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men. Bradford differentiated the arrival of the Pilgrims in the New World to Moses and the Israelites, but America, in beingness untamed, was not the Promise Land they had pictured. Instead it was a place of chaos and danger, full of woods and thickets, representing a wild and savage hue. In Bradfords mind, this young land became the wilderness the Israelites wandered in for forty years, but un care Moses, the Pilgrims had no consolation, and neither could they, as it were, view this as a more goodly country. fit to Bradford, this do nature a kind of spiritual trial at best, and a very hostile and demon equivalent land. From Bradfords bloom of view nature was a fallen world. The lack of order and stability was both threatening and representative of the contamination of sin to a ll Creation. The civil move of the world where nature had been conquered and tamed, paved over into cities or manicured gardens was the ideal. This is because both the Puritans and Pilgrims saw order as reflective of reason and a spiritual understanding. The Puritans had a striking thought to control and understand.Even though both Bradford and Bradstreet looked at nature and saw fewthing else beyond it, the spiritual world in her poem Contemplations, Bradstreet saw nature as being a pale reflection. Instead of nature being evidence of Satans presence in a fallen world, it is an example of the power and notoriety of the God who created it. It is one of the few tracks that humans can catch a glimpse of the Creators omnipotence. Nature, from Bradstreets view, is a beautiful, impressive, and while it remained a part of a larger, spiritual picture, it is a positive figure and representative of God.Bradstreet devoted much of Contemplations to natures awareness of aesthetic propertie s. She begins the poem by describing the trees in autumn, describing them as having an air of humble majesty, Their leaves and fruits seemed painted, but was confessedly of green, of red, of yellow mixed hue. She admired the sun as it had control over night and day as well as the seasons. She also sees nature that praises God. She referred to grasshoppers and crickets, describing their ostensibly harmonized song as they kept one tune and played on the same string. Bradstreet makes it very clear that purge though nature is beautiful, it cannot compare to the glories of God. She illustrated this with the yearn manners of the oak tree, asking hath hundred winters past since thou was born? / Or thou since though breakest thy shell of horn? before move to say that those numerous years mean nothing in the face of eternity. She continued to point this out later by describing the continual re-birth of the world as the seasons come and go, how the earth (though old) still clad in gr een/ insensible of time/Nor age nor wrinkle re seen, whereas man lives for little more than a moment (and during that time suffers and grows old) in comparison to the ancientness of the earth. Bradstreet, in comparison to Bradford, see nature as not only evidence of Gods glory rather than that the confusion and disorder of Satan and also she thinks of it almost as a living entity that is capable of praising and worshiping its creator as well. To her, nature is not a trial to be overcome and conquered, but rather an example of a learning tool that not only brings pleasure to the senses, but the soul as well.I think Anne Bradstreet was more effective in how you used her poem Contemplations in describing nature. In the third stanza she talks about her eye catching sight of the noble Oak and addressing the tree she asks How long since thou wast in thine infancy? The answer might be a hundred or even a thousand years. In stanzas 4-7 she talks about the sun and declares that the sun is a n amazing entity. The more I looked, the more I grew amazed, And softly s back up What glorys like to thee? I think her amazement led her to understand how some civilizations considered the sun a god Soul of this world, this universes eye, No wonder some made thee a deity. In stanzas 8-10 she looks at the sky and thinks about what song she could sing to offer glory to her maker, but feels dumbfounded at the prospect of adding glory to such a powerful spirit. In stanza 9, she hears the crickets and grasshoppers singing and writes Whilst I, s mute, can warble forth no higher lays? In stanzas 21-33 she recalls sitting by the river and being reminded that the river is searching for and ever traveling toward the ocean.In stanzas 20-26 she thinks about the creatures of the sea, and how they look and how they fulfill their let destiny. http//www. associatedcontent. com/topic36271/anne-b. html Section II Literature 1700 through 1820 Part 1 scarce the old beliefs did not die easily, and as early as the 1730s conservative reaction against the worldview of the bran-new science and psychology followed as some intellectuals, aware of the new though but intent on maintaining the final truth of revealed righteousness, resisted the religious implications of Enlightenment principles (154).The Great Awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people and before it was over, it had swept the colonies of the Eastern seaboard, transforming the social and religious life of land. The Great Awakening was actually several revivals in a miscellany of locations. Neither the Anglicans or Puritans were terribly successful in putting down roots. The problem was the settled parish system of England was difficult to transplant. Unlike communities of the old world, the small farms and plantations of the new spread out into the wilderness, making both communication and ecclesiastical discipline difficult.People often lived a great distances from a parish church, membershi p and participation suffered. Because the individual depended on himself for survival, authoritarian structure of any kind, either by government or ecclesiastical, was met with resistance. As a result, by the imprimatur and third generations, the vast majority of the race was outside the membership of the church. One person who was one of the principle figures in the Great Awakening was Jonathan Edwards. Edwards had received a bad press for his Sinners in the custody of an Angry God. In this sermon he pointed out that any moment, our hold on life could break and wed be plunged into fires of eternal and logically. People listened to Edwards because he rundle about what people were interested in. The Puritans were growing deeply concerned by what they perceived to be a striking decline in piety. The youth of the second and third generation had inherited the Puritan theocracy, but had begun to forget it, and the older generation was gravely concerned about this development. They h ad come to this country to found a biblical commonwealth, but their vision did not seem to be shared by communitys youth. Another problem weighing on Puritan consciences for a long time was election. The question that was raised why should anyone preach? The decision had been made before the foundation of the world according to Calvinist orthodoxy. If preaching were simply for the sophistry of the Saints, then it was like preaching to the choir, in that you were preaching to the already converted. As a result, worship attendance had declined.By surprise there was a great test of response to the preaching of Edwards. This movement surprised people because it produced something that wasnt expected people professing conversion. What Edwards said in these sermons was Calvinism. You cant control salvation. Puritans heard him say, if you try. God will aid your salvation. Edwards talked about Pressing into the Kingdom. It was, he said, not a thing impossible. By this Edwards referre d to Gods power to save whomever he pleases. The Puritans heard it as there was a chance they could achieve election.Another figure in the Awakening was George Whitefield. He offered a new quality to the prevailing view of how one gains citizenship in the Kingdom of God. According to Whitefield the key test of ones election was whether one had an emotional experience of conversion. This represented a reaction to the Enlightenment. In essence Whitefield had reduced Christianity to its lowest common denominator, those sinners who go to bed Jesus will go to heaven. Denominational distinctives had been downplayed and this theme was picked by Samuel Davies, one of the leaders of the Awakening in Virginia.Whitefield mainly preached in terms of everyday experience. Whitefield attacked set up ministers for leading their flocks into Hell by not demanding an experience salvation of people, a theme that would be picked up by Gilbert Tennant who preached on the dangers of an unconverted minis try. As a result, the established clergy attacked Whitefield and the unchecked enthusiasm of the revivals. One of the leaders in this counterattack was Charles Chauney who led the attack from the pulpit of First Christ, Boston. Chauney claimed anyone can have a good sermon.As a result, established preachers could not compete with these itinerant evangelists, and their preaching threatened to undermine loyalty of parishioners. They tended to view these evangelists as ignorant and filed with zeal. Others had carried the revival to extremes like James Davenport who burned books, and claimed to be able to distinguish the elect from the damned. The rising opposition to the Awakening had a major impact on the anxiety of American Christianity. The old Puritan synthesis of head and heartof a religion that appealed to both mind and spiritbroke apart.The revivalists had moved in the direction of a greater rationalism in theology. The Awakening began in the North and tended to be an urban phe nomenon where highly emotional preaching appeared in Puritan churches. The compromises of the Half-way stipulation had been swept aside, and the notion of the church as a body of saints, was reclaimed. The standards of membership had been increased, and yet, membership still rose. In the South, the Great Awakening was more on the bound phenomenon than was the case in the Middle Colonies or New England.In the areas that were nominally Anglican (the tidewater) it had very little impact. This was because the residents of the tidewater had just enough religion to inoculate them from catching the veritable thing, and the authorities were better able to enforce the established church. This was not the case in the piedmont and mountains of Virginia and North Carolina, as the revival had a wide open field. The main reason was the population had very few ties to the Anglican establishment. One of the main leaders of the Awakening in the South was Samuel Davies. The revival in Hanover bega n when Samuel Morris began to read sermons ofWhitefield and Luther to his neighbors. As a result, conversions were numerous, and special reading houses were built. When Davies arrived the Awakening surged and fought for the legal toleration of dissenters. Another leader in the Awakening was Shubal Stearns who brought the Separate Baptist movement to this region. The Methodists had gained a foothold in the South mainly through the preaching of an Anglican clergyman with Methodist sympathies of Devereux Jarratt. Both the Methodists and Baptists had an advantage over the Presbyterians and surpassed them in numbers.The main reason was the Presbyterians insisted on an improve ministry and ordered worship. As a result, the Methodists and Baptists were better able to address the needs of frontier communities with lay preachers who could go where there was need, and who could be quickly deployed without waiting for them to sweep through their education. The Methodists and Baptists were al so more open to the emotional and unrestrained nature of worship in the revivals, while Presbyterians were uncomfortable with what they viewed to be the excesses of the revivals.Some of the results of the Great Awakening to unify 4/5ths of Americans in a common understanding of the Christian faith and life, dissent and dissenters enjoyed greater respect than ever before, education was important, a greater sense of duty for Indians and Slaves from the revival of George Whitefield, and it served to revive a sense of religious mission. http//www. wfu. edu/-matthetl/perspectives/four. html Native Americans Native Americans The Seneca orator bopn as ruby-red Jacket (1757? 1830), for the red crest the British awarded him for his services as a message runner during the Revolutionary War. Red Jacket may have had many names, although the only one we know is Sagoyewatha, which means he keeps the awake. After the War of 1812, he was involved in successful negotiations with the Americans to protect Seneca lands in western New York. Among many of his orations, his most noted speech was the reply he gave to the missionary Jacob Cram in 1805. Cram had been sent from Massachusetts to establish a mission station among the Senecas. He invited them to alternate at Buffalo Creek, New York.Through an interpreter, his address developed the assertion that, in Crams words, There is but one religion, and but one way to serve God, and it you do not embrace the right way, you cannot be happy hereafter. After appropriate consultation with others of the Seneca delegation, Red Jacket delivered the speech outlining what has been called a breakaway position-quite simply, the notion that while the ways of sporty Christians may be fine for them, they are not necessarily equally fine for non-white indigenous peoples who have their own religious beliefs.Present at Red Jackets speech was Erastus Granger, postmaster and Indian agent at Buffalo Creek and cousin to Gideon Granger, Thomas Je ffersons postmaster. His contiguous subordinate was Joseph Parish, who probably served as a translator, as he had done on other occasions. Whoever transcribed the translation of Red Jackets speech, it soon appeared in print, in the April 1809 issue of the Monthly Anthology, And was reprinted many times throughout the nineteenth century. In Red Jackets Speech to the U. S.Senate, he made valid points that were tragically true regarding the treatment of Native Americans by the Europeans. Through his words he is never belligerent or accusatory instead he maintains a peaceful, respectful tone. Red Jacket is a magnificent orator with a strong sense for power of words. The reader is aware of the emotions and beliefs of the Native Americans. Red Jacket spoke to the Senate with a purpose, and by the end of his speech it is clear that he was successful. At the beginning of the speech, Red Jacket addresses his audience as Friends and brother and repeated continually throughout the speech.I think Red Jacket is trying to create a peaceful atmosphere where his words will be heard. He informed the Senate that while they spoke, the Native Indians listened and requests the same respect in return. As the speech progresses, Red Jacket begins to make good points about the rude and acquisitive behavior that many of the white settlers relationships with the Native Indians. In the beginning, the Native Americans took pity on their new visitors, providing them with food, welcoming them, and treating them as friends.Over time, the number of settlers began to increase, as did the amount of land they seized from the Indians. In the speech Red Jacket says, They wanted more land they wanted our country. When I read this line you can imagine him uttering this line in a powerful but elegant manner. Red Jacket was not there to concede defeat he was standing up for his people. Even though the settlers had acquired the majority of the Native Americans land, they are still not happy, and t his is way Red Jacket came before the Senate.The settlers craved more, desired to convert the Native Americans to Christians. In the look of the Europeans, If you do not embrace Christianity, you will not be happy. This to me sounds strange because many of the settlers who fled to the New World, arrived with the hope of enjoying their religion, and not being persecuted for practicing what they believe. Yet, after their arrival, they began to force their religion upon the Native Americans, informing them that what they believe is wrong. To me, this sounds like hypocritical behavior on behalf of the settlers.They came to the New World with the intention of freely practicing their religion, and now they are the ones forcing their religion on others. Continuing his speech, Red Jacket discusses more interesting information. One of the points I find fascinating, is when he questions if the religion of the settlers was meant for the Native Americans, why were they not given a book to stud y from as well. He continues by mentioning that all he knows of this religion is what the settlers tell him, How shall we know when to believe, being so often deceived by the white people? In concluding his argument, he poses another question, since all Christians read from the same book, why do they not all agree? He even mentions that the Native Americans also have a religion but they never feud about who is right or wrong. His final plea to the Senate is, We do not wish to destroy your religion or take it from you. We only want to enjoy our own. He is not demanding the settlers to return the land they wrongly claimed as their own, he is simply asking that they allow the Native Americans to practice the religion of their forefathers in peace.