Chlorophyll lab report Essay Example

Chlorophyll lab report Paper The polar absorbent material in the column separated the different pigments by allowing the least polar molecules to travel through the column faster than the more polar molecules. The different pigment layers were collected, dried, and their weights were recorded. -carotene was the least polar molecule, and it traveled through the column faster than the chlorophyll. Chlorophyll-A was next to travel through the column followed by chlorophyll-B. Because chlorophyll-A is more polar than -carotene and less polar than chlorophyll-B, this observation is reasonable. Introduction -carotene is a yellow-orange pigment found primarily in fruits and vegetables. -carotene is a carotene that is effective in preventing sunburn in sun-sensitive people, reducing the risk of breast cancer and other diseases, preventing asthma attacks caused by exercise, as well as many other uses. Chlorophyll is the green, light-capturing pigment found in plants. Chlorophyll (like home in red blood cells) is an example of porphyry. In this experiment, chlorophyll and -carotene were isolated using the technique of column chromatography. Column chromatography is a method used to separate and purify components in a mixture. In gravity column chromatography (used in this experiment), a arterial glass column is packed with a polar absorbent and a solvent. Then the sample is allowed to pass through the column, which separates the different components. In this experiment, pigment components were dehydrated and extracted from spinach, and the extracts were passed through a glass column using column chromatography. The absorbent allowed some molecules to travel faster through the column. We will write a custom essay sample on Chlorophyll lab report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chlorophyll lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chlorophyll lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The separate bands were collected and recorded. Hypothesis This method will be successful in extracting chlorophyll and carotene pigments. Reaction/Experimental Setup List of Reagents Reagent Molar Mass(g/mol) Boiling Point(Celsius) Melting Point(Celsius) Density Safety Data acetone 58. 08 56 _ 95 0. 791 g/CM Highly flammable, irritant hexane 86. 18 68. 5 -96 0. 6548 g/ml Flammable, corrosive methanol 32. 04 64. 7 -97. 6 0. 7918 g/CM Anhydrous sodium sulfate 142. 04 1429 2. 664 Exposure would cause minor irritation Pre-Lab Questions There were no pre-lab questions for the experiment. Procedures Observations egg of spinach was placed in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask 0 150 ml of 100% ethanol was added D the mixture was stirred for 3 minutes C] the liquid was decanted into a 250-ml beaker D 50 ml of deceleration was added to the engaging spinach and stirred for 3 minutes O the mixture was filtered through a plug of glass wool into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask 50 ml of deceleration was added two more times and filtered 0 the deceleration extracts were combined O the deceleration extracts were poured into a separators funnel C] 50 ml of saturated Nasal was added and shaken C] the lower (deceleration) layer was collected in a flask C] Cacao was added and swirled D the solution was decanted into a beaker containing g of silica gel the solution was stored and allowed to dry 0 a glass column was obtained 0 a small plug of glass wool was shushed to the bottom 0 100 ml of hexane was added t] sand was poured in the top to form a 1 -CM layer on the glass wool a slurry of egg of sil ica and hexane was added to the column D the crude extract was added on top O the extract was eluted using hexane O the yellow -carotene was collected in a flask O the elution continued with a 1:1 mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate 0 chlorophyll-A and chlorophyll-B were collected in separate flasks 0 the pigments were covered, stored, and allowed to dry the total weight of the flasks were recorded 0 the dry pigment extracts were dissolved with deceleration 0 the extracts were oared into separate vials C] the flasks were re-weighed without the extracts C] the total weight of the pigment extracts were calculated and recorded Results The first band of pigment that was collected from the column was -carotene. The second band collected from the column was chlorophyll-A. Chlorophyll-B was the last band collected from the column. After each band was collected in separate flasks, they were allowed to dry and then weighed. The total weight of each pigment layer was recorded in the table bel ow. Pigment Ref Value Chlorophyll a 0. 61 Chlorophyll b 0. 52 Cartooned 0. 93 Oceanography 0. 37 Weight of Pigment Collected Chlorophyll-A Chlorophyll-B -carotene 0. 04 g 0. 05 g Discussion As a result of the absorbent (the silica slurry) being polar, different molecules were allowed to pass through the column at different rates. The different rates of the molecules cause the different pigments to be separated in bands along the column. The polar absorbent is attracted to polar substances, and it binds to these molecules, which slow them down in the column. The non-polar -carotene had weak interactions with the polar absorbent. Therefore, the -carotene band traveled very fast through the column, and this layer was collected first. The layer f chlorophyll-A was collected next. Chlorophyll-A is more polar than -carotene but less polar than chlorophyll-B. Therefore the chlorophyll-A band traveled slower than the -carotene, but faster than chlorophyll-B. Finally, chlorophyll- B is the most polar substance. The interactions were very strong with the polar absorbent, which caused this layer to travel very slowly down the column. The solvent (hexane) is used to affect the separation process. Hexane is a non- polar organic compound. Therefore, it does not interact at all with the polar absorbent. When the non-polar solvent is added to the top of the column, over he sample, the polar molecules are more attracted to the absorbent than the solvent. This causes the polar molecules to be left at the top of the column while the non-polar molecules travel down the column. This is what causes the molecules to separate in bands. In order to get the polar molecules to travel down the column, a more polar solvent (hexane and ethyl acetate mixture) would be used. Due to the fact that both -carotene and chlorophyll are both extremely sensitive to photochemical air oxidation, the solutions must be protected from excess light and air. The solvents used in this experiment are very flammable. Therefore, no flames can be used to speed up this process. Conclusion The two columns used in this experiment were successful in separating out the different pigments in the spinach that was provided. The TTL plate made the different pigments very clear to see under the UP light, and the iodine chamber re-enforced with the UP light was showing. From the TTL place was able to see carotenes, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b, oceanography, as well as some other pigments there were not listed in the lab book.

Free Essays on Learning English In The Mathematics And Science Classroom

is the exploration of word origin in an effort for students to grasp mathematical languages. The second strategy: everyday language, can be used as a strategy to develop mathematical knowledge and communication. According to the writer, teachers should not overlook everyday language as a learni... Free Essays on Learning English In The Mathematics And Science Classroom Free Essays on Learning English In The Mathematics And Science Classroom Stepanek the author of the article quoted that learning is the process of developing and negotiating meaning, which is usually through the medium of language. The author further stated that because language is the primary means of teaching, student’s ability to participate in mathematics and science is dependent on their language ability. The writer didn’t limit the importance of language to just teaching, she also stated that it is in the way they think and communicate what they know. The writer in support of Language and learning mathematics quoted Cocking â€Å"language proficiency plays a role in mathematics achievement.† The author of the article in promoting the use of language highlighted a suggestion made by Warren, Rosebery and their Cheche Konnen colleagues, which encourages teachers to rethink their approach, using diverse languages as a bridge rather than a barrier to learning mathematics. The author of the article highlighted two tools/ strategies to enhance mathematics through language development, they are: finding the right words and using everyday language. In this are the author suggest that the languages of mathematics and science are different from the language that students use socially, therefore what the author is saying is that students are likely to benefit from languages that targets unfamiliar words, expressions, and syntax. A key area the author highlighted when finding the right words is a need for the students to learn the difference between how words are used in an everyday context and their meaning in mathematics. The final area highlighted by the author under finding the right words is the exploration of word origin in an effort for students to grasp mathematical languages. The second strategy: everyday language, can be used as a strategy to develop mathematical knowledge and communication. According to the writer, teachers should not overlook everyday language as a learni...

Discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Discussion board - Assignment Example Indiana could make better use of the land available to replace the money that is lost as export money. For example industrialize the areas or open animal farms. Better utilization of land could also result in emigration and growth of economy. Therefore, I do not think that it would have a sveere impact on the economy as stated in the article. In this article, the main focus was on the economy. However, I basically think that without farming the lands would be free from chemical pesticides. This would not only safeguard the environment but also make the land available for industrialization and establishment for other sources of state income. It is said in the article, that in dearth of crop products there are chances that more and more people would try and grow them in the garden and sell them for very high prices. However, I do not think most people would like to invest in such time consuming thing. Moreover, since these people would try and utilize their small gardens to the maximum such practice would also increase the usage of chemical fertilizers and harm the environment as well. I also think that the lands now free from harmful agricultural practices, could be sued for growth of economy. The state may open other industries such as dairy, meat etc. which would fetch far more money than basic crop

Hazards, Risks, and Controls Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hazards, Risks, and Controls Exercise - Essay Example Spotting hazards or potential hazards is direly needed to take suitable preventive action against possible crash on the street or the possibility of catching an accident on streets (Rouf et al., 8). In the scenario, there is a mixture of old and modem modes of transportation. Cars were not existent yet during the late 1800s and early 1900s; although, carriages, horses, and walking were common means of transportation during those times. Considering the differences in terms of the level of sophistication between a modem car and old means of transportation, various potential risks should be considered. However, in order to properly and clearly assess the situation, the type of car that will be used in this activity would be a Hummer. Since the scenario took place during the 1800s, it can be imagined that life relatively slower, few to no cemented roads and various ordinary things are taken into streets. Hence, the following hazards have been identified: 1. Children playing on streets – during the 1800s, people were not as civilized as they are today, especially children. Things that were supposed to be done in specific places such as chasing a ball or playing, which is supposed to be done in parks, are being taken into the streets. So what are the potential risks? There is a high possibility that you might hit a kid on the street. This is not to say you are going to do it intentionally but children sometimes do not mind about what is going around them when they are playing and enjoying. For instance, a ball might suddenly run across the road, and a kid may follow straightaway to chase it, without recognizing a car is coming; hence, an accident could happen. Remember, modern cars move faster than any other moving things during the 1800s. Chances are you are most likely to hit the kid. Controls may include some simple things such as slowing down the speed a little bit or using a Collision Avoidance System such as an automatic braking system to

Managing Information Technology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Information Technology - Case Study Example This approach helps reduce cases of outpatient visits while allowing health professionals to verify drug prescriptions to patients in remote areas (Ciampa & Revels, 2013). The federal government’s HITECH stimulus funds and Meaningful Use standards can only be expected to lead to better software integration solutions considering the approach taken by the program. The program requires that healthcare providers apply their electronic systems fully; more than just as tools for electronic medical charts (Wager, Lee & Glaser, 2013). This will help increase quality and efficiency while enabling coordinated healthcare. By providing incentives to eligible professionals who exhibit significant application of a licensed EHR, the program will further ensure that providers embrace the need for integrated software solutions. According to Coplan & Masuda (2011), the increase in software adoptions at physician offices will not necessarily make it difficult for them to retain staff. On the contrary, these developments will lead to a shift in roles as physicians increasingly depend on their staff’s help in data collection and entry. Studies have shown that most physicians have been compelled by prevailing circumstances to reassign tasks to their front office staff. Additionally, nurses will have an added role, different from their traditional role that involved tasks such as rooming patients and taking blood tests. Under the EHR program, nurses will be expected to enquire for more information from patients that will serve to provide physicians with a clear health record of these patients in future (Dwivedi, 2009). Despite its benefits, the mobile medical clinics model faces several emerging conditions that could make it obsolete. Lack of space and medical equipment that can support high quality and timely healthcare services could make it difficult for health professionals to provide their services in remote areas. In order for these

The Oresund Fixed Link Project Construction Essay

The Oresund Fixed Link Project Construction Essay The Oresund Fixed Link was a project initiated in 1991 by the Swedish and Danish governments and completed and opened in July 2000. The bridge, island and tunnel combination connects the two metropolitan areas of the Oresund region, Copenhagen, Denmark and Malmo, Sweden. The Link consists of the Oresund Bridge, a two-level (one for traffic, one for rail) pylon-supported structure, the Oresund Tunnel, a 4km-long tunnel, and the Peberholm Artificial Island which would transfer the traffic from the submerged tunnel to the bridge. It was undertaken in a cooperative effort between the Swedish and Danish governments whereby they would each form half of the owner company (Øresundsbro Konsortiet) in 1992, which in turn was responsible for financing, planning, designing, building and eventually operating the link (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). We will attempt to demonstrate that the Oresund Fixed Link is one of the more successful mega-projects. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ has argued that mega-projects such as the analogous Channel Tunnel, Sydney Opera house or Millennium Dome are subject to cost and time overruns and quality shortfalls. The factors behind those deficiencies include a politicization of the tendering and project proposal process, the legacy complex which can besiege governmental spending and the inefficient management of projects on a public level. The experience of the Oresund Fixed Link, whilst not without short-comings, is recognized as being a project that in terms of the QCD paradigm was satisfactorily managed and far removed from the problematic projects of its time. To this end, in May 2003, the Oresund Bridge won the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) Outstanding Structure Award, recognizing not only its design and construction but more importantly in our context, its adhere nce to the proposed deliverables. Project Phases: Concept Identifying the need and opportunity: The need for a link between Denmark and Sweden which crossed the Oresund sound was not a novel one in 1991. In fact, the region had been the subject of territorial disputes between the nations dating back to the 1600s and had fallen under ownership of both nations at various times (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). Lack of political will and unstable economic conditions had prevented the Link from being properly canvassed before the late 1980s. There were a range of economic, infrastructural and political factors which created a need for a bridge between the two nations in the early 1990s. Firstly, although Sweden was not member of the European Union (then EEC) at that time, its attention had been directed to accession during the European recession of the late 1980s (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). Denmark had already acceded to the EEC in 1986. The increased focus on European integration meant that links, allowing the movement of goods and labour in particular would be required. Furthermore, Denmark as part of continental Europe, could act as a gateway to Sweden and Finland in the north. European integration was thus a driving factor behind the Link and the potential benefits it could have in bringing the two nations and indeed Europe and Scandinavia closer together. A more practical consideration in determining the demand for the Link was that of offering an alternative to the ferry-based transport service that was in place at the time. The ferry service, with irregular timetabling and being subject to good weather conditions, could be allowed to operate more efficiently if there were an alternative link which allowed both trade, leisure and commuter traffic(Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). The need for the link between Denmark and Sweden to increase efficiency and integration provided an opportunity to create a single Oresund metropolitan area. The conglomeration of the two separate Copenhagen and Malmo markets would allow for a common housing and labour market and increased commercial and educational opportunities. As Denmark and Sweden became more involved in the European process, and Europe became more integrated and markets more competitive, it was apparent that the Oresund region could become a leading metropolis and hub if connected. The opportunity was also present for both nations as the Scandinavian banking crisis brought both nations into recessions and paved the way for stimulatory spending on infrastructure and other projects. Initial Risk Assessment: An immediate risk at the time of conception was posed by the economic conditions brought about by the Scandinavian banking crisis (IMF, 2002). Although this presented an opportunity, the economic climate at that time was far from certain and that uncertainty could have strong implications on financing interest rates and resource and supply costs from overseas in the light of exchange rate fluctuations. The division of the stake in the consortium overseeing company between Swedish and Danish governments allowed the mitigation of risk by reducing cost of borrowing (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). Another obvious risk faced by the project initiators was that being a mega-project, handing over responsibility for design and construction to just one company places strong burden on that firm. In order to mitigate this risk, the initiators separated the project into three parts the Tunnel, the Bridge and the artificial island linking the two so as to hopefully improve delay, cost and quality. Whilst this reduces the risk of default and delay on the contract, it does pose an additional risk of non-communication or worse still non-compliance between the separate components of the design. The risk that the Link would damage the environment was very much in the consciousness of the project initiators from the outset (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). This may be because Denmark and Sweden are traditionally active in the conservation sphere, place emphasis on sustainable development and have the worlds tightest controls on offshore construction. Or it could be as a result of strong lobby-group pressure which raised concerns regarding the potential environmental impacts of the Link (American University, 2005). Whichever it may be, the initiators committed, with some spurring on, to the creation of a project which was as much environmentally friendly as possible. The potential bad publicity and financial losses from environmental damage was something which the initiators wanted to avoid. Alternative Approaches: There were few alternative approaches to the Oresund Link project, given the set parameters of joining Sweden and Denmark and creating value (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). The opportunity to link Malmo and Copenhagen metropolitan areas implied long-term, quantifiable value creation. One alternative may have been the Danish city Elsinore and Swedish Helsingborg, which are closer than Copenhagen and Malmo across the Sound, however the initiators believed that more benefit would be derived by joining two large cities and offering a connection near Copenhagen Airport to benefit air travelers (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). Alternatives to the 3-part project were also few. This is because the land under the Sound was not even. As such, it would not be possible to build a bridge which spanned the whole sound nor a tunnel without incurring extra cost. Scope Management Project Definition: The project offered the following opportunities for the project initiators: Create stronger trade and investment links between Denmark and Sweden as two nations Create further integration between continental Europe and Scandinavia Provide an alternative transport mechanism crossing the Sound so as to increase the efficiency of trade and business and leisure travel Develop the Malmo-Copenhagen metropolitan area into one of the leading hubs in Europe Offer a symbolic and impressive structure to the two nations The overall objective, by which the success of the project might be gauged, was, as stipulated in the treaty, to construct a Link which was ecologically motivate, technically possible and financially reasonable to prevent any detrimental effects to the environment. The scope of the project would include: Tender for the design of the Link Construction of the Link Construction and development of the surrounding areas Time Management: Unlike other mega-projects such as sites for the Olympic Games, the time was not especially short for the Oresund link. The initiators evidently wanted to keep it as short as possible, to capitalize on the growing links in Europe and to provide the service to consumers as quickly as possible. Additionally, by minimizing time, the two states could attempt to reduce cost overrun. The initial time span was set at 10 years from the signing of the treaty in 1991 (Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2009). Quality Management: Quality was seen as perhaps the most important parameter to be satisfied in the project, above cost and time. The consortium was charged with ensuring that the quality of the Link met all European safety and structural standards (Eurocodes) (Kjaer, 2001). In addition it was stipulated that in terms of safety, The Link should be no more dangerous than using the national roads or railroads (Kjaer, 2001). The Link also had to improve transport time across the Sound. A very important parameter set for the designers and constructors was to limit the environmental impact of the Link. Cost Management: The budget for the construction cost was set at 13.9billon DKK or 2.4billion USD in 1990 prices (Kjaer, 2001). The consortium was charged with the financing, budgeting and planning. Since the Consortium was owned by the Swedish and Danish governments the financial resources, within reason, were not as constraining a factor as the quality objective. Furthermore, the fact that project was financed outside of state budgets by the consortium meant it was not subject to restrictions on resource allocation by the respective governments. Project Phases: Development Design Selection of the Link As we mentioned in the precedent chapter, after the Swedish and Danish government set up a 50:50 joint venture Øresundsbro Konsortiet in 1992, the company then organized a design competition for the bridge in early 1993. The competition took over for 2 months; the result came out in July that year with two entirely different bridge concepts chosen by the owner for further discussion before the final decision taken: -Group ASOs two-level, mainly steel, structure, with the motorway placed above the railway, ASO Group was initiated by Arup(specialized in structural engineering and who has carried out the Sydney Opera House and the Pompidou Center in Paris) and formed as well with SETEC (France), Gimsing Madsen and ISC (both Denmark), Tyrà ©ns (Sweden), and with Georg Rotne (Denmark) as architect to the Group; A single-level, mainly concrete, bridge, with the motorway between the two railway tracks, developed by the ØLC consortium. They both had a cable-stayed main span. Following the awards, as to make an easier and wiser decision for the selection of designer, a continuous scheme designs were prepared to confirm the concepts developed during the short competition period, along with the consultants worked with the Owner to develop the project and get ready for the construction phase. Thus the further design process can be defined as: Consultations with authorities to obtain their approval establish a design basis and a contract strategy set up administrative procedures develop the design in some detail prepare tender documents Whereas it turned out that ASOs strong and robust design concept was safely carried through this whole design process with only very few and insignificant modifications. Tender documents were issued for proposals from both semi-final winners- ASO and ØLC in December 1994, for two contracts for each: one for the approach spans, and the other for the cable-stayed spans. The tenders were returned in June 1995, and after the evaluation, the single contract was signed with Sundlink Contractors in November 1995 for the whole of ASO Groups two-level design for the bridge. The other two main contracts one for Dredging and Reclamation and one for the Tunnel had been let during the summer, and several coast-to-coast contracts were let during 1997-98 for the railway and for various installations such as SCADA / traffic control, communications, toll system and the terminal area. Design and Construct Contract Strategy The Owner had early decided to let the contracts as design-and-construct contracts, but modified so as to safeguard the conceptual designs that had been prepared. In essence the contracts were for detailed design and construction. As we have emphasized that such a Design Construction contract allowed avoiding any possible incompatibilities caused by different designer and constructor so that Owner were able to minimize the risks in this aspect. According to the contract documents, we can clearly identify the principles behind the Owners contract strategy which included: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Detailed design-and-build à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A 100 years service life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Application of well-known technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Control and documentation of quality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Division of risks attributable to ground and weather conditions and obtaining permits. The contract documents were written expressly for the project, and defined the Owners requirements regarding function, aesthetics, safety, and environmental protection. Everything required to fulfill those requirements was included in the Contractors scope of work, with only specified duties on the Owner. The Contractor was responsible for the detailed design as well as for the construction of the work, and was given considerable freedom regarding the means and methods of doing his work which is also a factor key for the success of this mega project. In essence the Owner specified what the Contractor should achieve, and the Contractor determined how to achieve it. The Contractor was responsible for supervising his own work and for providing documentary evidence that he had done so and that the quality of the work he had done was of the standard required by the Contract. The Owner monitored the Contractors performance but this did not relieve the Contractor of his obligations under the contract. This contract strategy led to several special documents being included in the tender documents issued to the bidders, in particular definition drawings, an illustrative design, reference conditions, and quality system requirements. The definition drawings described the design features, geometry, and materials that should be retained in the Contractors design, and at the same time defined the limits within which he had the freedom to choose. The illustrative design showed the bidders, for information only, a comprehensive design that fulfilled the Owners requirements. Risk Assessment So as to minimize the possible risks could ever take place during the construction phase, the Owner assigned ASO as the developer of the Operational Risk Assessment of the entire Øresund link. But since ASO itself was involved in it, the process would benefit from the contribution of external reviewers, so Professor Tendrup Pedersen from the Danish Technical University was appointed to review the marine aspects and Arup to review the remainder. As far as we know, it is the first time such a comprehensive risk analysis has been undertaken during the design of a major fixed link. A fully quantified risk assessment of the human safety and traffic delay risks was carried out for a comprehensive list of hazards: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ fire à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ explosion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ train collisions and derailments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ road accidents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ship collisions and groundings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ aircraft collisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ toxic spillages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ environmental loads beyond design basis. Initially, the assessment attempted solely to identity the risks beyond those of typical stretches of motorway and railway on mainland Denmark or Sweden. However, it soon became obvious that this approach could be improved by considering total risks and being able to compare the Links risks with international risk acceptance criteria. We found out that the risk assessment was carried out along with the design process and influenced several design decisions, the most significant being the size of the bridge pier foundations to withstand ship impact, the realignment of the main shipping channel to reduce groundings, and the provision of passive fire protection on the tunnel walls and ceilings.

HUM Assignment

He did not believe anyone could prove existence of God. Voltaire was envisioned in Pastille prison in 171 7 to 1718 because, he iterated persons whom he served. He was also envisioned in 1 726 in England for the same offense. In his novel he shows examples of how he did so. Attacking religious prejudices when they falsely accused persons. In a sense he teased religion because, he thought they were corrupt. He shows that religion would be better without a specific leader.Once in Loaded there was nothing wrong, everyone was excited. Although religion was still very much important, there was not a specific person to control the people. Everyone was an equal. Voltaire went through plenty of trials and tribulations during his journey, He name across so much hatred because of his beliefs. No matter how difficult or rough things seemed for him, something meaningful came from it. He was brought up around Christian beliefs and views, from ages ten until seventeen.He attended â€Å"The Jesuit College go Louis Lee-Grandee†. This is when he started to reject his Christian views. Unsure of his reasons, can only assume he believed is was unnatural. In the novel â€Å"Candied† there is a surprise ending. Voltaire learned how to be optimistic rather than a pessimist. He learned how to rationalize. He states â€Å"tend to the small things that we can do well- thus keeping total pessimism at ay- and leave the world at large to keep on its incompetent, evil, and even horrific way. (Chapter 25, Pig 81 7) I believe he is saying try not to look at the negative all the time and be optimistic. One person can not change the world. Even though there are negative things seen everywhere, everyday. Look on the brighter side. I realized this in the ended of the story. I believed the author Was very successful at convincing me because, throughout the novel his image was portrayed, as someone who can careless about what persons think of him. He is stays stern to his views.

Oral history archive department in modern libraries, Essay

The main aim of the research is to discuss the uses and the value of an oral history archive department in modern libraries, especially British libraries and American ones which are pioneers in this domain. It has been realized or discovered that the oral history archive can be used to explain the concept or idea of windowing time in physical and digital libraries. Of late digital and oral history archive libraries carry a variety of useful information and documents that include the past and present ones. This paper therefore tries to view the use and the value of this kind of sound archive in which it is divided into main categories and subsections. The first section is the introductory part that tries to give a brief explanation about the oral history archive. There is a problem in question or objective, which touches on what is to be investigated that is the use of this archive. The hypotheses are also constructed to provide answers to the objectives of the research. The other areas include research context/literature review; methodology; work plan; recourses; ethics and conclusion. 1. Working Title The use and the value of an oral history archive department in Modern Libraries and Information Centres. 2. Introduction. Many scholars realized that Oral history archive libraries can be used to obtain information as fast as possible. According to Portelli (1998), the archive holds several hours of gramophone, films, audio, video and Compact Disks. The oral history archive has been of great help in various departments because instant information has been obtained through what is called oral debriefing. This is a situation whereby a comprehensive and condensed verbal testimony is obtained from individuals (Medical Tribune 2007). Other areas where the oral history archive has been applied include areas such as psychology, witness interrogation in criminal investigations, which occur in both oral and visual formats (Sangster 1998).The archive tentatively is currently being used to help in knowledge management especially when it comes to labor market. This is an area in commerce and industry where the changing labor market requires employees to shift from one position to another or from one job to another. As this happens there is loss of organizational memory, the so called the body of data and knowledge which is relevant to an individual organization’s existence (Perk and Thomson 1998 and Gregory 1991). These therefore are of the uses of oral history archive that make it become recognized as a powerful device or tool especially in Britain to capture the already existing institutional knowledge and information. Learning has been enhanced by the use of Oral history archive. The new curriculum requires students to have sound and good communication skills that prepare them to answers questions either during interviews as they look for jobs after schooling or in classroom (Rolph 1998). Criminal investigation department also employ the use of an Oral history archive when they are interrogating criminals. 3. Aims and objectives In this section, the paper discusses the problem in question or the objectives of carrying out the research. Oral history archive has been viewed as a unique and powerful tool by people. In order to clear this perception and make things more clear, this research paper tries to answer the question. The problem to be researched on is therefore the value and the use of an oral history archive in modern libraries and information centres and why people view it as a useful tool in modern libraries. The paper shall also look at the role, if any, of the information specialist of the future in an oral history department and the skills the information specialist must have to operate in such a department. Besides, the paper shall also look at and address the question of how interviewing targets are chosen by the oral history department, how expensive it is to put up an oral history department from scratch at the various libraries, why people view it as a useful tool in the modern libraries and the skills that are required by an information specialist in order for him/her to be able to operate in the department. Today, many educationists are being encouraged to introduce oral history as a powerful tool for serious scholarships in all universities in order to encourage learning. However, there are a number of universities that have introduced and developed extensive collections of oral history while others have not realized the usefulness of the library. For example; Harvard, Princeton and University of California have taken the lead in the development and introduction of oral history archive (Gowers 2006). In addition, the university libraries mentioned above in this domain have operated smoothly from 1955, the British Library has been the pioneer for a lot of researchers of this topic. The reason is simple. The Sound Archive Department of British Library at the present time holds over a million discs, One hundred and eighty five thousand audio tapes, and a lot of video and sound records. These collections which include written literature, dramatized stuff, and music recordings plus sounds of wildlife are collected from across the world. They entail cylindrical equipment created in the nineteenth century to the most recent Compact Disks, Digital Versatile Disk and mini discs. 4. Scope and Definition In order to discover the use and the value of an oral history archive department and to create a sensible project in range and time, the scope of the project will focus mainly on the opinions of curators, librarians and others who are working in this sector. It is important though to be aware that this will emphasize basically on personal viewpoints and changing theories and therefore might not provide a perfect answer. It will also be necessary for the research to stay neutral and determined on the questioners and not go beyond the objectives set as those working in these departments will be more involved with the issues concerning their departments than be drawn to the personal issues. 5. Literature Review The literature review section tries to look at what other scholars have discussed about the same topic to be researched on. This is very important since it avoids or solves cases of duplication of other people’s work. Since other people or scholars at one time had realized the importance of Oral history archive in the modern libraries, it is therefore in order to access their ideas on the topic. The oral history archive has been viewed as a useful tool in a number of areas such as psychotherapy, witness interrogation in crime investigation and learning institutions that are provided in both oral and visual formats (Rolph 1998, Gregory 1991, Parker 1999 and Sarah 2004). According to Ritchie (2003), oral history has useful information or materials that are often ignored by librarians. This is also sometimes overlooked in relation to cost value calculation (Swain 2003). The archive has played a key role in helping in audio collection, attitude and value clarification as well as necessitating multi-media approach to learning (Christel 2006 and Thomson 2000). The most obvious area where oral history archive has been used according to Perks and Thompson (1998) is in learning institutions. This is a case where a tape recorder is used in classrooms to help students understand the concept being taught in class room. However, it has been noticed that a tape recorder has not been effectively and efficiently used as compared to the use of movie, slide or overhead projectors (Lukenbill 2002). One advantage when one uses a tape recorder is that it can be stopped anytime especially when the instructor wants to emphasize important points or to allow urgent questions arising (Thompson 2000). Tapes can also be replayed to enhance re-examining or revisiting and requesting of any order that is desirable. Proper understanding of the lesson is therefore emphasized. Since the new curriculum requires students to have skills in understanding comprehension, analysis and evaluation. Oral history has been of great use to check and examine all these concepts. It is also noted that oral communication skills are very important when it comes to times of interviews where questions are phrased (Swain 2003). The interviewer and the interviewee have to be clear and precise especially in calling for specific information. The questions asked especially during the interviews need also to be answered in the most accurate manner as possible (Ritchie 2003). According to Perks and Thompson (1998), accuracy actually plays a major role in interviews and this can be facilitated by the use of oral history archive. The concept is also emphasized by Seale (2004). As a way of facilitating learning, oral history archive through the use of tapes has facilitated immediate feedback during teaching in schools. This has been done in connection with other secondary sources like books more so in secondary schools. Students’ needs are addressed as soon as possible. This rules out cases of negative delays which is commonly experienced in the traditional scholarly research where numerous collections are required (Thompson 2000). A good teacher who knows how to use tapes only needs to locate appropriate tapes in which he is expected to prepare summarized notes according to students’ understanding. This should be done after testing the entry behavior of the students before opting to use the tapes for instruction (Parker 1999). Oral history archive has also been helpful in clinical libraries (Schacher 2001). Clinicians when giving psychotherapy to patients who are mentally disturbed have used the information contained in the Oral history archive. Such patients may be suffering from Schizophrenia or psychosis (Schacher 2001 and Thompson 2000). As patients talk about their illness the clinician is able to come up with appropriate measures to provide assistance.

The eNotes Blog World Class Snapshots of Classrooms From Around theGlobe

World Class Snapshots of Classrooms From Around theGlobe The ever-curious Brain Pickings  yesterday shed light on a fascinating project, Classroom Portraits. Since 2004, photographer Julian Germain has captured images of classrooms the world over, progressing from his small corner of North East England to include schools from North and South America, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Collected in a new book, Germains photos provide unique insight into childhoods both familiar and foreign, sharing what makes  schoolkids  around the globe so similar, yet worlds apart. England, Bradford, Year 7, Art Each photograph captures the same faces weve all seen in the classroom growing up: you have the bored and the enrapt, the angry and the apathetic, the eager and the daydreamers. Germain captures all of these and more in his trans-global portraits. Wales, Felindre, Reception and Years 1 2, Numeracy Yet, just as these photos begin to hark back to ones own school days, you come across a classroom like the one snapped in Yemen, below. A small room packed with serious-looking men, the only thing belying their young age the dark but faint peach fuzz atop each ones upper lip. Yemen, Sanaa, Secondary Year 2, English Flipping past the slightly militaristic uniforms of a class of Peruvian 4th-graders Peru, Cusco, Primary Grade 4, Mathematics to a colorfully Havanan classroom Havana, Cuba, Year 2, Mathematics and a stark Nigerian one Nigeria, Kano, Ooron Dutse, Senior Islamic Secondary Level 2, Social Studies you are reminded that this (Im presuming for most of you) is not the childhood you remember. But while the environments and languages might not be the same, its always easy to spot some common ground: in one image a band of sulky pubescents, in another a mob of sticky-fingered kindergartners, and in all the compulsory child with the mischievous glint in his eye, the one who is certainly up to no good at all. England, Seaham, Reception and Year 1, Structured Play In each photo Germain has also managed to evoke the gang-like quality found in a room full of students. He positions them with their eyes locked on the camera, staring it down as though ready to pounce at any given moment. Perhaps the one similarity we should be mindful of in every classroom is the courage it takes to stand up in front of a room of these creatures and teach them. Cuba, Havana, Playa, Year 9, national television screening of film ‘Can Gamba’ (about Cuban participation in Angolan Revolution) No, in all seriousness Classroom Portraits is a joyful reminder of the many fresh young minds out there in the world, and the importance a good education serves in shaping every one of them. Lagos, Nigeria. Basic 7 / Junior Secondary Level 1, Mathematics For more on the project, you can visit Germains website or purchase his book Classroom Portraits 2004-2012 on Amazon.

Pepsi Energy Drink Essays

Pepsi Energy Drink Essays Pepsi Energy Drink Paper Pepsi Energy Drink Paper Analyzing The Marketing Environment Pepsi Energy Drink The company is emerging with the motto to deliver sustained growth in Bangladesh and move towards nominate Beverage Company, delighting nourishing every Bangladesh, by best meeting their everyday beverages needs stakeholders by delivering performance with purpose, through talented people. DEMOGRAPHIC FORCES Demography refers to study of the population. Demographic factors are the relevant to the business for formulating and implementing of strategy for controlling and accomplishment of the objectives of the organization. Demographic factors like size of the population, population growth, rate, age, composition, life expectancy, family size, spatial dispersal, occupational tutus, employment pattern etc. , affect the demand for goods and service. Following are the Demographic factors contain age, population density and distributions of targeted customers which is can effects the marketing of PepsiCo. 1. Age: PepsiCo should target that customer group that customer it the most and make promotional strategies according to that particular group of consumers behavior because the requirements of different age groups are different. The potential customer of PepsiCo would be the age of 14 to 30 years. So their main target is young generation. Soft drinks are one Of popular reject linked by our youth. 2. Education: Company has to plan promotional strategies to attract the customers. If the targeted customers majority population is educated in a country then through advertisements PepsiCo can be made well aware of their product and can convey their message easily. Promotion and education has a direct relationship. 3. Population Distribution: Population distribution means how much population lives in urban areas and rural areas. In Bangladesh 35 % population resides in urban areas and 65% population lives in rural areas. PepsiCo targets on urban areas ND middle class to upper class as people there are more attract towards such beverage while people in rural areas are more attracts to local drinks. 4. Population Density: PepsiCo sales their product more those cities and regions, which have the largest population density. Dacha has the largest population density in Bangladesh. Pepsi sales are more in Dacha as compared to the sales in Chitchatting. ECONOMIC FORCES The economic environment constitutes of economic conditions, economic policies, and the economic system that is important to external factors of business. Economic factors are the very important determinants of business tragedy in the organization for formulating, implement and controlling of economic policies. Economic environment refers to the nature and direction of the economy within which business organization are to operate. For instance, in developing country, the low income may be reason for the very high demand for the product and services of the business. Consumers require buying power to buy a product. The economic environment consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. Bangladesh has a developing economy which offers outstanding business opportunities for the right kind of product. Pepsi has also focused on this factor using their economic forecasting. Pepsi have announced different products for different set of people. So if there is an economic downfall in the country they still have the capacity to run their business and they have absolutely no fear of wipe out. Their economic policy preparation can be seen through their price patterns-? The 1 TTS regular drink is targeted for local customer outside needing refreshment after lunch or dinner. The task disposable pet bottle is TA regret for people who are traveling and have high eying capacity. The task Cans are status symbol and are consumed by upper class to show some difference. The Pepsi Co. Price targeting for different groups help them run their business efficiently in economic down fall time too. Fifth there is a big economic downfall in the country so their sale of regular bottles decreases but on the same time due to their perfect marketing their Cans sale increases. The other advantage Pepsi finds from their perfect marketing is that their sports sponsorships help them gain respect in youth which increases their sale when there is a win from Bangladesh team. So they never get cut short in a boom. POLITICAL-LEGAL ENVIRONMENT Political environment refers political and government and legal environment. It has close relationship with the economic system and economic policy. For instance; the communist countries had a centrally planned economic system. Communist government countries laws are control investment and related matters. The political environment is based on the uncertainty, therefore, demographic countries consist of number of political parties. Political parties arent got clear majority to form a government. In this situation, industry and amerce collapsed their business activities due to hung government. The political parties are unable to formulate stable government, it affect and fluctuate the government policies. Therefore, business organization and public are needed to the stable government. Bangladesh is a politically stable economy; foreign investors are attracted to Bangladesh. The Bangladesh government is improving business with trade and investment. 1. Political Stability: Whenever the government is considered to be stable, the business will flourish. If there is political stability in the country the policies and eateries made by Pepsi can be consistent to be implemented. Foreign companies are also keen to invest in those countries which are politically stable where they have no fear of decline in their market share or shut down due to sudden change of government. 2. Mixed Economy In mixed economy government and private sector both plays their role in developing the economy Of the country. Investment by foreign companies like Pepsi is more likely to flourish in mixed economy. 3. Laws Formulation Government has given copy rights to Pepsi so that another company cannot sell their product by the name of Pepsi. The countries where laws are formulated, the strategies and activities of the company are different. 4. Social Responsibility Pepsins social responsibility is to provide its customers with clean and hygienic product so to do this they have increased the use of disposable bottles. SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT Socio-cultural environment is an important factor that should be analyzed while formulating company business strategies. If company is ignoring the customs, traditions, tastes and preferences and education, it can affect the business. It consists of factors which are related to human relationships and he impact of social attitudes and cultural values. These are bearing on the business of the organization. Social practice, beliefs and associated factors are helpful for promotion of the certain products, services or ideas, the success of marketing depends to a very large extent, on the success in terms of changing social attitudes or value systems. The cultural environment is made up of institutions and other forces that affect the society basic values, perceptions, preferences and behaviors. The Pepsi Co. Bangladesh is an expert in dealing with the cultural factor though it is an non-Muslim company UT still its most sales are in Muslim countries the reason behind their success is that they have never created boundaries of religion in their add campaign and they have deal with the Muslims in their own way. The Pepsi uses the cultural factor of people of Bangladesh which is giving dinners to the family remembers and they have targeted this particular thing in their ads which has created Pepsi a basic necessity of every get together. The other major Muslims belief is Ramadan and DID. Pepsi have utilize this cultural factor very smartly and through discount promotions and viral ads campaign urine the Ramadan and DID help them gather a very successful business and market share. The perfect ads campaign forces even the lower middle class to purchase the Pepsi products during Ramadan and especially for DID. One major disadvantage Pepsi had due to some extreme religious beliefs of some people in Bangladesh which tried to portray Pepsi as a Non Muslim company and the products they sell are forbidden or prohibited in Islam. But Pepsi came out of this challenge by asking Jungian Smashed (old singer now a renown Islamic scholar) to do an ad for them to promote their product and ell consumers that this product is permitted. So tackling each factor sensibly is an art of marketers and Pepsi Co. Team have always come up with the new ideas to increase their business. TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Technological factors sometimes pose serious problems. A firm that unable to cope with technological changes may not be survived. Further, the differing technological environment of different markets or countries may be called for product modifications. Technology is the most important elements of the macro environment. Technology is the human being innovation and it literally ender. Technology helps to human being go to moon, traveling the spaceships, other side of the globe with few hours. Advances in the technologies have facilitated product improvements and introduction of new products and have considerably improved the marketability of the products. The technology is advancing day by day with new technology coming up and replacing the old quite easily. The technology advancement is also a macro environmental factor for a business. As the new technology coming up rapidly so no company can rely on their conventional ways of production and other asks. World has now become a global village and there is no issue of transferring one product from one country to different so the only way to survive for companies is by producing the product in quick time and with cheap price this was the reason behind the success of China as they manufactured cheap and fast products through advancing in technology and by using new ways to manufacture a product. Similarly Pepsi also keeps on advancing their machine, production units, sale systems and logistics supply System to keep up with the fast growing world. The major change in the Pepsi reduction came up with the advancement of their inventory control system from normal SQL to SAP. This allowed them to record complete sale record of the country and track each every sales point present throughout the country. The expert system Pepsi Co. Uses helps them in taking crucial decisions and forces them to advance to new production units in a timely fashion. The new recycle plant implemented by Pepsi Co. Eaves 70% of the waste which not only helps in making environment green but also reduces the cost of bottles by 50%. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Natural environment is the study of an important component of the nature . E. , natural environment. Difference in geographical conditions between markets may sometimes call for changes in the marketing mix. Geographical and ecological factors also influence industries which help material index tend to be located near the raw material sources. Climate and weather conditions affect the location of certain industries like the often textile industry. Ecological factors have recently assumed great importance. The depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution and the disturbance of the ecological balance has caused great concern. Government policies mimed at presentation of environmental purity and ecological balance, conservation of non revisable resources etc. , have resulted in additional responsibilities and problems for business, and some of these have to effect of increasing the cost of production and marketing, externalities also become an important problem Of the business has to confront with. The Pepsi co. Have a great advantage manufacturing in Bangladesh because the major ingredient required to manufacture Pepsi is Sugar which is produced in a vast amount in Bangladesh. So Pepsi shares a great liberty in manufacturing their rodents in Bangladesh for the home country and also for the neighboring countries if there is a need of more supplies to neighboring countries of Bangladesh. The natural environment is vastly effected by the cluster of industries and Pepsi Co. As also one of the major factors of waste materials in the country through their disposable plastic bottles but now they have invested in a major recycling plant in Bangladesh and have followed many different ways to reduce the industrial waste. According to a report PepsiCo have reduced their 80% of the industrial waste through new majors. Through his approach of new packaging and paying high amount of money in the recycling system they are now considered as an environmental friendly company. Their new initiative to replenish water has been a major SUccess.

Speech-language pathology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speech-language pathology - Personal Statement Example I realized that he was not paying attention to what I was telling him and had mixed feelings of shock and surprise to his response. I kept wondering about it only to learn later that the child was suffering from autism and his response is termed as echolalia, a typical characteristic found in autistic kids. Autistic children who exhibit this characteristic communicate by simply repeating songs or words which they have heard during a previous activity or everyday life. Such children are unable to engage in the right form of communication and in most cases would not understand what they are saying. This experience provided the impetus for my interest in communication disorders and more specifically with autistic children. It was in that moment of silence that I realized the importance of effective communication especially with children with special needs. In order to widen my knowledge, skills and experience in communication I am applying for the Master’s program in speech-langu age pathology at the University of Utah and I believe that this course will help me pursue my long-term goal. I strongly believe that communication is a vital requirement that drives the existence of mankind. Over the years I have collected considerable resources, self-contained units on communication disorders and my current experience as a speech-language pathology aide has enabled me to understand human communications in greater detail. My first bachelor’s degree is not related to communications and the GPA is a reflection of the lack of interest for that course. It was only later that I developed a keen interest for communications and hence I pursued a second bachelor’s degree and graduated from the Utah State University in Communication Disorders in August 2012 with a GPA of 3.8. I believe that this GPA is reflective of the passion and determination I have for communications and speech-language pathology in particular. This course helped me gain a clear focus and a vision for

The Role of Reason in the Historical Concepts of Human Rights Essay

The Role of Reason in the Historical Concepts of Human Rights - Essay Example The classic example drawn from the Greek literature is that of Antigone, who upon being reproached by Creon for defying his command not to bury her slain brother, asserted that she acted in accordance with the immutable laws of the gods. Human rights concepts however can actually be traced to an earlier period. The Old Testament of the Bible relates the story of ancient Israelites, and in it are abundant inferences about human rights, there is no well-developed statement on the issue but there are significant scattered passages that give clear evidence of a point of view at least as advanced as Greek and Roman philosophy. The Ten Commandments for example, by the prohibition of murder and theft, give implicit recognition is considerably broadened by later elaboration of the laws and by the passionate discourses on justice by such prophets as Amos that can be read in his book in the Old Testament If the concept of human rights is very old, the general recognition of their validity is not, throughout most of history governments failed to accepts the notion that people have rights independent of the state, this called statism and it implies the supremacy of the state in all matters pertaining to the lives of subjects, it is still potent concept in the 20th century, Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union during the rule of Joseph Staliln are prime examples of statism. It was not until after the Middle Ages, however that natural law doctrines became closely associated with liberal political theories about natural rights, in Greco-Roman and Medieval times natural law doctrines taught mainly the duties, as distinguished from the rights of man, in addition as evidence can be read in the writing of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, these doctrines recognized the legitimacy of slavery and serfdom (someone who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord) and in doing so, excluded perhaps the central most ideas of human rights as they are understood today, the ideas of freedom or liberty and equality. For the idea of human rights to take hold as a general social need and reality, it was necessary that basic changes in the beliefs and practices of society take place, changes of the sort that evolved from about the 13th century to the Peace of Westphalia (1648), during the Renaissance and the decline of feudalism. When resistance to religious intoler ance and political-economic bondage began the long transition to liberal notions of freedom and equality, particularly in relation to the use of ownership of property, then were the foundations of what today is called Human Rights truly laid. During this period reflecting to the failures of the rulers to meet their natural law obligations as well as the unprecedented commitment to the individual expression and worldly experience that was characteristics of the Renaissance, the shift from natural laws of duties to natural laws as rights was made. The teaching of Aquinas (1224/25-1274) and Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) on the European continent and the Magna Carta (1215), the